Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Biostatistics

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Artificial Intelligence Based Video Processing Methods for Predicting COVID-19: Observational Study
COVID-19'u Tahmin Etmek için Yapay Zekâ Tabanlı Video İşleme Yöntemleri: Gözlemsel Çalışma
Burak YAĞINa, Emek GÜLDOĞANa, Cemil ÇOLAKa
aDepartment of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 2022;14(1):22-31
doi: 10.5336/biostatic.2022-88805
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The aim of this study is to develop a high-performance model and web-based clinical decision making method to successfully distinguish and classify COVID19 from bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia and healthy controls with lung ultrasound (LUS) videos using appropriate video processing techniques and artificial intelligence (AI) methods development of the support system. Material and Methods: In this study, the open source LUS video dataset at https://github.com/jannisborn/covid19_ultrasound was used. The dataset includes 32 healthy controls, 24 COVID-19, 24 bacterial pneumonia and 12 viral pneumonia class videos. In the video processing stage, 300 image frames were taken from the videos in each class. The images were divided into 80% (960) training and 20% (240) test datasets. In the modeling phase, the convolutional neural network (CNN) method, one of the deep neural network architectures in the keras library, was used. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, Matthews' correlation coefficient and F1 score criteria are given to evaluate the performance of the model. A web-based system has been developed that can successfully detect COVID-19 using the, with the help of the AI-based model, Python Flask Library. Results: The accuracy in the test dataset was calculated as 93.39% for healthy control, COVID-19 and viral pneumonia, and 95.07% for bacterial pneumonia. Conclusion: According to the performance criteria values obtained with the video processing-based CNN model, it can be said that the developed system gives very successful predictions in the diagnosis of COVID-19, bacterial pneumonia and viral pneumonia.

Keywords: COVID-19; deep learning; video processing; image processing; convolutional neural networks
ÖZET
 Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, uygun video işleme teknikleri ve yapay zekâ yöntemleri kullanılarak akciğer ultrason videoları ile COVID19'u bakteriyel pnömoni, viral pnömoni ve sağlıklı kontrollerden başarılı bir şekilde ayırt ederek sınıflandırmak için yüksek performansa sahip bir modelin ve web tabanlı klinik karar destek sisteminin geliştirilmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, https://github.com/jannisborn/covid19_ultrasound adresindeki açık kaynaklı akciğer ultrason video veri seti kullanılmıştır. Veri setinde bulunan videoların 32'si sağlıklı kontrol, 24'ü COVID-19, 24'ü bakteriyel pnömoni ve 12'si viral pnömoni şeklinde klinik olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Video işleme aşamasında, her bir sınıftaki videolardan 300 görüntü karesi alınmıştır. Görüntülerin %80'i (960) eğitim ve %20'si (240) test veri seti olarak bölünmüştür. Modelleme aşamasında, keras kütüphanesinde bulunan derin sinir ağları mimarilerinden evrişimli sinir ağları CNN yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Oluşturulan modelin performansını değerlendirmek için doğruluk, duyarlılık, seçicilik, kesinlik, Matthews'in korelasyon katsayısı ve F1 skoru ölçütleri verilmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak oluşturulan yapay zekâ tabanlı model ile, Python Flask Kütüphanesi kullanılarak COVID-19'U başarılı bir şekilde tespit edebilen web tabanlı bir sistem geliştirilmiştir. Bulgular: Test veri setinde doğruluk sağlıklı kontrol, COVID-19 ve viral pnömoni için %93,39 ve bakteriyel pnömoni için ise %95,07 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç: Önerilen video işleme tabanlı CNN modeli ile elde edilen performans ölçütlerine göre geliştirilen sistemin COVID-19, bakteriyel pnömoni ve viral pnömoni tanısında oldukça başarılı tahminler verdiği ve klinik karar destek amacıyla kullanılabileceği söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19; derin öğrenme; video işleme; görüntü işleme; evrişimli sinir ağları
REFERENCES:
  1. Yağın FH, Güldoğan E, Ucuzal H, Çolak C. A Computer-assisted diagnosis tool for classifying COVID-19 based on chest X-Ray images. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2021;13(S1):438-45. [Crossref] 
  2. Muhammad G, Shamim Hossain M. COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 classification using multi-layers fusion from lung ultrasound images. Inf Fusion. 2021;72:80-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  3. Hassantabar S, Stefano N, Ghanakota V, Ferrari A, Nicola GN, Bruno R, et al. Coviddeep: Sars-cov-2/covid-19 test based on wearable medical sensors and efficient neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv. 2020;200710497. [Crossref] 
  4. Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, Zhan C, Chen C, Lv W, et al. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A report of 1014 cases. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E32-E40. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  5. Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, Zhang N, Huang M, Zeng X, et al. CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Radiology. 2020;295(1):202-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  6. Roy S, Menapace W, Oei S, Luijten B, Fini E, Saltori C, et al. Deep learning for classification and localization of COVID-19 markers in point-of-care lung ultrasound. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2020;39(8):2676-87. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  7. Mahmud T, Rahman MA, Fattah SA. CovXNet: A multi-dilation convolutional neural network for automatic COVID-19 and other pneumonia detection from chest X-ray images with transferable multi-receptive feature optimization. Comput Biol Med. 2020;122:103869. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  8. Fan L, Li D, Xue H, Zhang L, Liu Z, Zhang B, et al. Progress and prospect on imaging diagnosis of COVID-19. Chin J Acad Radiol. 2020:1-10. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  9. Amatya Y, Rupp J, Russell FM, Saunders J, Bales B, House DR. Diagnostic use of lung ultrasound compared to chest radiograph for suspected pneumonia in a resource-limited setting. Int J Emerg Med. 2018;11(1):8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  10. Born J, Wiedemann N, Brändle G, Buhre C, Rieck B, Borgwardt K. Accelerating covid-19 differential diagnosis with explainable ultrasound image analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv. 2020;200906116. [Crossref] 
  11. Yağın FH, Güldoğan E, Çolak C. A web-based software for the calculation of theoretical probability distributions. The Journal of Cognitive Systems. 2021;6(1):44-50. [Crossref] 
  12. Yağın B, Yağın FH, Gözükara Bag HG, Çolak C. A web-based software for reporting guidelines of scientific researches. The Journal of Cognitive Systems. 2021;6(1):39-43. [Crossref] 
  13. Yağın FH, Yağın B, Çolak C. An interactive web-based software for epidemiological research designs. Middle Black Sea Journal of Health Science. 2021;7(1):122-31. [Crossref] 
  14. Yılmaz R, Yağın FH. Early detection of coronary heart disease based on machine learning methods. Medical Records. 2022;4(1):1-6. [Link] 
  15. Yılmaz R, Yağın FH. A comparative study for the prediction of heart attack risk and associated factors using MLP and RBF neural networks. The Journal of Cognitive Systems. 2021;6(2):51-4. [Link] 
  16. Perçin İ, Yağın FH, Güldoğan E, Yoloğlu S. ARM: An interactive web software for association rules mining and an application in medicine. 2019 International Artificial Intelligence and Data Processing Symposium (IDAP); IEEE. 2019. [Crossref] 
  17. Perçin İ, Yağın FH, Arslan AK, Çolak C. An interactive web tool for classification problems based on machine learning algorithms using java programming language: data classification software. 2019 3rd International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT); IEEE. 2019. [Crossref] 
  18. Yagin FH, Kucukkakcali Z, Cicek IB, Gozukara Bag HG. The effects of variable selection and dimension reduction methods on the classification model in the small round blue cell tumor dataset. Middle Black Sea Journal of Health Science. 2021;7(3):390-6. [Crossref] 
  19. Yagin FH, Cicek IB, Kucukakcali Z. Classification of stroke with gradient boosting tree using smote-based oversampling method. Medicine. 2021;10(4):1510-5. [Crossref] 
  20. Kang Z, Li X, Zhou S. Recommendation of low-dose CT in the detection and management of COVID-2019. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(8):4356-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  21. Ahmad F, Farooq A, Ghani MU. Deep ensemble model for classification of novel coronavirus in chest X-ray images. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2021;2021:8890226. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  22. Ismael AM, Şengür A. Deep learning approaches for COVID-19 detection based on chest X-ray images. Expert Syst Appl. 2021;164:114054. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  23. Abbas A, Abdelsamea MM, Gaber MM. Classification of COVID-19 in chest X-ray images using DeTraC deep convolutional neural network. Appl Intell (Dordr). 2020:1-11. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  24. Hu Z, Liu Z, Dong Y, Liu J, Huang B, Liu A, et al. Evaluation of lung involvement in COVID-19 pneumonia based on ultrasound images. Biomed Eng Online. 2021;20(1):27. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  25. Born J, Brändle G, Cossio M, Disdier M, Goulet J, Roulin J, et al. POCOVID-Net: automatic detection of COVID-19 from a new lung ultrasound imaging dataset (POCUS). arXiv preprint arXiv. 2020;200412084. [Link] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com