Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Pediatrics

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Annelerin 1-4 Ay Arası Bebeklerini Sarsmalarına Neden Olan Etkenler: Tanımlayıcı Bir Çalışma
Factors Causing Mothers to Shake Their Babies Between 1-4 Months: A Descriptive Study
Çiğdem ERDOĞANa, Sibel Serap CEYLANa, Türkan TURANa
aPamukkale Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği ABD, Denizli, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr. 2022;31(2):106-12
doi: 10.5336/pediatr.2021-85891
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 maç: Doğumdan sonraki ilk aylar, bebeğine yeni alışmaya çalışan anneler için oldukça zor bir dönemdir. Özellikle sık ağlayan bebeğe sahip anneler için daha da zor olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 1-4 ay arası bebeklerin anneleri tarafından sarsılma ve sallanmalarına neden olabilecek etkenlerin belirlenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tipteki araştırmamıza toplam 180 anne dâhil edildi. Araştırmanın verileri, Edinburgh Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Ölçeği, Kırılgan Bebek Algısı Ölçeği ve anne ve bebek tanımlayıcı özellikler formu kullanılarak toplandı. Bulgular: Anne ve bebeklere ait değişkenler ile bebeğin anneleri tarafından sarsılma durumları incelendiğinde hiçbir değişkenin etkili olmadığı görüldü. Ayrıca bebeklerin gün içinde sallanma sıklığı 5,3±3,2, uyuması için sallanma sıklığı 5,7±3,8, arabasında sallanma sıklığı 2,9±2,8 ve havaya atılıp tutulma oyunu oynama sıklığı 3,4±3,3 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ağlama sıklığı fazla olan bebekler, ağlamayan bebeklere göre yaklaşık 1,5 kat daha fazla sallanmaktadır. Annelerin depresyon puan ortalamaları 12,1±7 ve kırılgan bebek algısı puan ortalamaları 31,9±5,3 olarak bulundu. Korelasyon analizinde, annelerin depresyon ölçeği puanı ve kırılgan bebek algısı ölçeği puanı ile bebeklerini sallamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamadı. Bebekleri ağlamaya başladığında annelerin tercih ettikleri ilk 3 uygulamanın sırasıyla kucakta sallama (%66,6), emzirme/mama verme (%63,8) ve emzik verme (%23,3) idi. Bebeklerin ağlaması sürdüğünde annelerin tercih ettikleri ilk 3 uygulamanın ise sırasıyla kucakta sallama (%61,1), emzirme/mama verme (%58,3) ve havaya atıp tutma oyunu oynama (%53,8) olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç: Özellikle koronavirüs hastalığı-2019 salgınında gündeme gelen kısıtlamalar ile birlikte çocuklara yönelik istismarın arttığının kaydedildiği bu dönemde, çalışmamızın sonucunda araştırmada yer alan annelerin bebeklerinin sarsılmış bebek sendromu açısından düşük risk taşıdığı belirlendi.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Postpartum depresyon; kırılgan bebek algısı; sarsılmış bebek sendromu; anne; bebeğin ağlaması
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The first months after birth is a very difficult period for mothers who are trying to get used to their baby. In particular, it can be even more difficult for mothers with frequent crying babies. The aim of this study is to determine the factors that may cause shaking and shaking of babies aged 1-4 months by their mothers. Material and Methods: A total of 180 mothers were included in our descriptive and cross-sectional study. Research data were compiled using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, the Fragile Infant Scale, and the mother and infant descriptive characteristics form. Results: When the variables of mothers and babies and the state of being shaken by their mothers were examined, it was seen that none of the variables were effective. In addition, the frequency of swinging during the day was 5.3±3.2, the frequency of rocking to sleep was 5.7±3.8, the frequency of swinging in the car was 2.9±2.8, and the frequency of playing the game of being thrown into the air was 3.4±3.3. Babies with a high frequency of crying shake about 1.5 times more than babies who do not cry. The mothers' mean depression scores were found to be 12.1±7, and the fragile infant perception mean score was 31.9±5.3. In the correlation analysis, no statistically significant relationship was found between mothers' depression scale score and fragile baby perception scale score and shaking their babies. The first three practices preferred by the mothers when their babies started to cry were shaking (66.6%), breastfeeding/feeding (63.8%) and pacifier (23.3%), respectively. It was determined that the first three practices preferred by the mothers when the babies continued to cry were shaking (61.1%), breastfeeding/ feeding (58.3%), and playing the throwing game (53.8%), respectively. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that the babies of the mothers included in the study had a low risk for shaken baby syndrome, especially in this period when abuse against children increased with the restrictions that came to the fore in the coronavirus disease-2019 epidemic. Keywords: Postpartum depression; vulnerable baby percepti

Keywords: Postpartum depression; vulnerable baby perception; shaken baby syndrome; mother; baby cry
REFERENCES:
  1. Cowley LE, Morris CB, Maguire SA, Farewell DM, Kemp AM. Validation of a prediction tool for abusive head trauma. Pediatrics. 2015;136(2):290-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  2. Child Abuse Prevention Center. In Research Project on the Incidence and Risk Factors of Shaken Baby Syndrome in the State of Utah, Child Abuse Prevention Center. Ogden, Utah: 1998. p.1-18. [Link] 
  3. Cansever Z, Taşar MA, Şahin F, Çamurdan AD, Beyazova U. Ailelerin sarsılmış bebek sendromu konusundaki bilgi ve tutumları [Knowledge and attitudes of families about shaken baby syndrome]. Gazi Medical Journal. 2012;23(2):39-45. [Link] 
  4. Karbeyaz K, Şahin S, Akkaya H, Balcı Y, Gündüz T. Sarsılmış bebek sendromu (shaken baby) sonucu ölüm; olgu sunumu [A death due to shaken baby syndrome; case report]. J For Med. 2012;26(2):134-40. [Crossref] 
  5. Joyce T, Huecker MR. Paediatric Abusive Head Trauma (Shaken Baby Syndrome) [Updated 2020 Jun 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. [Link] 
  6. Elinder G, Eriksson A, Hallberg B, Lynøe N, Sundgren PM, Rosén M, et al. Traumatic shaking: The role of the triad in medical investigations of suspected traumatic shaking. Acta Paediatr. 2018;107 Suppl 472(Suppl Suppl 472):3-23. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  7. Brummelte S, Galea LA. Postpartum depression: etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Horm Behav. 2016;77:153-66. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  8. Stewart DE, Vigod S. Postpartum depression. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(22):2177-86. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  9. Barr RG, Rivara FP, Barr M, Cummings P, Taylor J, Lengua LJ, et al. Effectiveness of educational materials designed to change knowledge and behaviors regarding crying and shaken-baby syndrome in mothers of newborns: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):972-80. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. Coles L, Collins L. Including fathers in preventing non-accidental head injury. Community Pract. 2009;82(4):20-3. [PubMed] 
  11. Fujiwara T, Yamaoka Y, Morisaki N. Self-reported prevalence and risk factors for shaking and smothering among mothers of 4-month-old infants in Japan. J Epidemiol. 2016;26(1):4-13. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  12. Stern M, Karraker K, McIntosh B, Moritzen S, Olexa M. Prematurity stereotyping and mothers' interactions with their premature and full-term infants during the first year. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;31(6):597-607. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  13. Maclean P. Maternal perception of child vulnerability in preschoolers born very low birth weight. 2010. [Link] 
  14. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  15. Engindeniz AN, Küey L, Kültür S. Edinburgh Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Ölçeği Türkçe formu geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması [The validity and reliability study of the Turkish form of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale]. Bahar Sempozyumları. 1996;1:51-2. [Link] 
  16. Kerruish NJ, Settle K, Campbell-Stokes P, Taylor BJ. Vulnerable Baby Scale: development and piloting of a questionnaire to measure maternal perceptions of their baby's vulnerability. J Paediatr Child Health. 2005;41(8):419-23. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  17. Yavaş Çelik M, Ciğdem Z. Kırılgan Bebek Algısı Ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Vulnerable Baby Scale: a validity and reliability study]. J Psychiatric Nurs. 2020;11(3):188-94. [Link] 
  18. Fujiwara T, Yamada F, Okuyama M, Kamimaki I, Shikoro N, Barr RG. Effectiveness of educational materials designed to change knowledge and behavior about crying and shaken baby syndrome: a replication of a randomized controlled trial in Japan. Child Abuse Negl. 2012;36(9):613-20. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Barr RG, Trent RB, Cross J. Age-related incidence curve of hospitalized Shaken Baby Syndrome cases: convergent evidence for crying as a trigger to shaking. Child Abuse Negl. 2006;30(1):7-16. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Lee C, Barr RG, Catherine N, Wicks A. Age-related incidence of publicly reported shaken baby syndrome cases: is crying a trigger for shaking? J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007;28(4):288-93. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Baykan Z, Kondolot M, Baykan A. Sağlıklı bebeklerde yaşamın ilk dört ayında ağlama davranışı, ailelerin ağlamaya yaklaşımları ve bebeklerini sarsma durumları [Crying behaviour of healthy babies in the first four months of life, families' approach to crying and shaking]. Turkish J Pediatr Dis. 2017;3:159-64. [Link] 
  22. Gao Q, Tong L, Tang L, Zhong W, Zhu H. Parental knowledge on infant crying and abusive head trauma and relevant shaking behaviors in China. Child Abuse Negl. 2021;115:105025. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Deyo G, Skybo T, Carroll A. Secondary analysis of the "Love Me...Never Shake Me" SBS education program. Child Abuse Negl. 2008;32(11):1017-25. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  24. Dias MS, Smith K, DeGuehery K, Mazur P, Li V, Shaffer ML. Preventing abusive head trauma among infants and young children: a hospital-based, parent education program. Pediatrics. 2005;115(4):e470-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  25. Simonnet H, Laurent-Vannier A, Yuan W, Hully M, Valimahomed S, Bourennane M, et al. Parents' behavior in response to infant crying: abusive head trauma education. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38(12):1914-22. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com