Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

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Anatomi Tarihinin Tartışmalı Bir Sayfası: Pernkopf Atlası
A Controversial Page in the History of Anatomy: Pernkopf Atlas
Hilal GÜZELa, Hasan ERBAYb, Ozan TURAMANLARa
aAfyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Anatomi ABD, Afyonkarahisar, TÜRKİYE
bAfyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıp Tarihi ve Etik ABD, Afyonkarahisar, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2021;29(2):258-63
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2020-78496
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Nazi Rejimi dönemi anatomistlerinden Eduard Pernkopf'un Atlası, ilk baskısını 1937 yılında yapmıştır. Zamanla farklı dillere çevrilen ve üst üste baskılar yapan Atlas, uzun yıllar tüm dünyada anatomi eğitiminde kullanılan önemli bir eğitim materyali olmuştur. Ancak 1980'lerden itibaren Atlas üzerinde tartışmalar başlamıştır. Bu tartışmalarda 3 unsur öne çıkmaktadır: Pernkopf'un Nazi kimliği, Atlas'ta kullanılan görsellerdeki kadavraların kökenine dair şüpheler ve ressamların kullandığı imzaların Nazi Rejimi sembollerini andırması. Yoğun tartışmaların ardından 1994 yılında Atlas'ın yayımcısı, kitabın yeni basımlarını durdurmuştur. 1997 yılında Viyana Üniversitesi bünyesinde yürütülen bir soruşturma ile Atlas'ın karanlık geçmişi, kısmen gözler önüne serilmiştir. Atlas üzerinde devam eden tartışmalar, diğer taraftan da tıp eğitiminde kullanılan materyal üzerine kaymıştır. Eğitim materyallerinin üretim sürecine dair tartışmalar devam etmektedir. Tıp eğitiminin temel disiplinlerinden biri olan anatominin, salt bir bilgi alanı olmadığı belirtilmekte, aynı zamanda etik ve insan hakları gibi kimi sosyal alanların da eğitim sürecine dâhil edilmesi önerilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Pernkopf Atlası tarihsel perspektiften ele alınmış, Atlas üzerinden yürüyen tartışmalar ve süreç, anatomi eğitimi özelinde etik açıdan yorumlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Pernkopf Atlası; anatomi; tıp eğitimi; etik; tıp tarihi
ABSTRACT
 The Atlas of Eduard Pernkopf, an anatomist of the Nazi Regime period, was first published in 1937. The atlas, which has been translated into different languages and printed over and over in time, has been an important educational material used in anatomy education for many years all over the world. However, discussions on Atlas have started since the 1980s. Three elements stand out in these discussions: Pernkopf's Nazi identity, doubts about the origins of the cadavers in the images used in the Atlas, and the signatures used by the painters resemble symbols of the Nazi Regime. After intense discussions, Atlas' publisher stopped new editions of the book in 1994. In an investigation carried out within the University of Vienna in 1997, Atlas's dark past was partially revealed. The ongoing discussions on the Atlas shifted to the material used in medical education. Discussions on the production process of educational materials continue. It is stated that anatomy, one of the basic disciplines of medical education, is not just a field of knowledge, and it is recommended to include some social fields such as ethics and human rights in the education process. In this study, the Pernkopf Atlas has been discussed from a historical perspective, and the debates and process based on the atlas have been interpreted from an ethical point of view in the anatomy education.

Keywords: Pernkopf Atlas; anatomy; medical education; ethics; history of medicine
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