Turkiye Klinikleri Thoracic Surgery - Special Topics

Emphysema Surgery Special Issue
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Amfizem Tedavisi için Akciğer Transplantasyonu
Lung Transplantation for Emphysema
Dirk Van RAEMDONCK, MDa, Geert M. VERLEDEN, MDb
Departments of aThoracic Surgery bPneumology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven
Turkiye Klinikleri J Thor Surg-Special Topics. 2010;3(2):10-8
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Akciğer transplantasyonu, sigara ile ilişkili ya da alfa-1-antitripsin eksikliğine bağlı son-evre amfizemli, titizlikle seçilmiş hastalarda geçerli bir tedavi seçeneğidir. Bu tedavi yönteminin amaçları dispneyi azaltmak, egzersiz toleransını arttırmak, sağkalımı uzatmak ve hayat kalitesini iyileştirmektir. Prosedürün uzmanlık merkezlerinde, kabul edilebilir hastane ölüm oranı (< %5) ile gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Cerrahi teknik, tek akciğer transplantasyonuna ve sonra da bilateral, sıralı tek akciğer transplantasyonuna çift bronşiyal anastomoz yaparak, en blok akciğer çifti üzerinde tek trakeal anastomoz ile, en blok çift akciğer implantasyonunun gerçekleştirilmesi şeklindedir. Maksimum ilaç tedavisi alan ve pulmoner rehabilitasyon altındaki adayların seçimi BODE indeksine göre (> 7) yapılır. Hastaların akciğer fonksiyonlarını düzeltmek için yapılacak diğer cerrahi seçenekler, şiddetli hiperinflasyonlu ve heterojen amfizemli hastalarda, akciğer hacim azaltma cerrahisi veya altta yatan baskılanmış parankim vakalarındaki büllöz hastalık için bullektomi dahil, öncelikle yapılmalı ya da ekarte edilmelidir. Akciğer problemi yanında, hastalar sağkalım için uzun bekleme süresince görece iyi bir tıbbi duruma kavuşturulmalı ve uzun süreli sağkalım şansı arttırılmalıdır. Donör organ yetersizliği, tüm hastalar için bu tedavi seçeneğinin en kısıtlayıcı faktörü olmayı sürdürmektedir. Genişletilmiş donör kriterlerine göre akciğerler veya kardiyak ölüm sonrası donörler, pulmoner hipertansiyon olmayan yaşlı alıcılarda, çift akciğer transplantasyonu için ideal donör gerekliliklerini karşılayamamaktadır. Solid organ transplantasyonunun diğer bir yönü olan uzun dönemde başarı; bronşiyolitis obliterans sendromu, sekonder malignensiler, oportunistik pulmoner enfeksiyonlar ve uzun süreli immunosupresif terapiye ilişkin yan etkiler gibi kronik doku reddi bulgularının ortaya çıkmasıyla baltalanmaktadır. Hem sağkalıma hem de komplikasyonlara ilişkin elde edilen sonuçlar, tek akciğer transplantasyonu ile kıyaslanan çift akciğer transplantasyonunun daha başarılı olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Pulmoner amfizem; torasik cerrahi; akciğer nakli-transplantasyonu; pnömonektomi; hayatta kalma
ABSTRACT
Lung transplantation is a valid treatment option in carefully selected patients with end-stage emphysema, either smoking-related or resulting from alpha-1 antitrypsine deficiency. The aims of this treatment modality are to reduce dyspnea, to increase exercise tolerance, to prolong survival, and to improve quality of life. The procedure can be carried out with an acceptable hospital mortality (<5%) in experienced centers. The surgical technique has evolved from en bloc double lung implantation with single tracheal anastomosis over en bloc double lung with bi-bronchial anastomosis to single lung transplantation and now bilateral, sequential single lung transplantation. The selection of candidates already treated with maximal medical therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation is based on the BODE index (> 7). Other surgical options to improve the patient's pulmonary function should be excluded or attempted first including bullectomy for bullous disease in case of underlying compressed parenchyma or lung volume reduction surgery in patients with heterogenous emphysema and severe hyperinflation. Beside the lung problem, patients should be in a relatively good medical condition to survive the long waiting time and to have the best chances for long-term survival. Donor organ shortage remains the most limitating factor to offer this treatment option to all patients that qualify. Lungs from extended criteria donors not matching the ideal donor requirements or donors after cardiac death can often be used for double lung transplantation in these elderly recipients in the absence of pulmonary hypertension. As any other form of solid organ transplantation, long-term success is hampered by the development of chronic rejection manifesting as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, secondary malignancies, opportunistic pulmonary infections and systemic side effects related to long-term immunosuppressive therapy. The results both in terms of survival and complications are superior after double compared to single lung transplantation.

Keywords: Pulmonary emphysema; thoracic surgery; lung transplantation; pneumonectomy; survival

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30.03.2014

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